Male Infertility: Causes and Signs You Shouldn’t Ignore

Infertility is often thought to be a women’s health issue, but in reality, male infertility contributes to nearly 50% of conception difficulties in couples. Understanding the causes and recognizing the signs early can help in seeking the right treatment and improving the chances of conception.

What Causes Male Infertility?

Male infertility can result from various factors, including medical conditions, lifestyle choices, and hormonal imbalances. Below are some of the most common causes:

1. Low Sperm Count

A low sperm count, also known as oligospermia, reduces the chances of fertilizing an egg. This can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, or hormonal imbalances.

2. Poor Sperm Motility

Even if sperm count is adequate, poor motility (asthenozoospermia) can make it difficult for sperm to reach and fertilize an egg. This can be caused by infections, hormonal disturbances, or certain genetic factors.

3. Abnormal Sperm Shape

Sperm with abnormal morphology (teratozoospermia) may have structural defects, making it harder to penetrate the egg.

4. Hormonal Imbalances

Testosterone and other hormones play a crucial role in sperm production. Disorders affecting the pituitary gland, thyroid, or testicles can lead to infertility.

5. Lifestyle Factors

Unhealthy habits significantly impact fertility. Some common lifestyle-related causes include:

• Smoking – Reduces sperm count and motility

• Alcohol Consumption – Affects hormone levels and sperm production

• Obesity – Linked to hormonal imbalance and reduced sperm quality

• Drug Use – Anabolic steroids, marijuana, and cocaine negatively affect sperm production

• High Stress Levels – Increases cortisol levels, which can lower testosterone

6. Medical Conditions

Certain health conditions and medical treatments can contribute to male infertility:

• Varicocele – Enlarged veins in the scrotum that raise testicular temperature and impair sperm production

• Diabetes – Can cause erectile dysfunction and impact sperm quality

• Infections – STIs, prostatitis, and urinary tract infections may affect sperm health

• Cancer Treatments – Chemotherapy and radiation can damage sperm production

Signs of Male Infertility

Identifying the signs early can help in getting the right diagnosis and treatment. Some common signs to watch for include:

1. Difficulty Conceiving

If a couple has been trying to conceive for a year without success, male infertility may be a factor.

2. Low Libido

A decrease in sexual drive may indicate underlying hormonal imbalances affecting fertility.

3. Erectile Dysfunction

Difficulty in getting or maintaining an erection may be linked to hormonal or circulatory issues impacting sperm production.

4. Pain or Swelling in the Testicles

Varicoceles, infections, or injuries can lead to swelling, pain, or lumps in the testicular area, affecting sperm health.

5. Hormonal Changes

Signs such as reduced facial or body hair, weight gain, or fatigue may indicate low testosterone levels affecting fertility.

When to See a Doctor?

If you or your partner are experiencing difficulties in conceiving, consulting a fertility specialist is essential. A semen analysis, hormone testing, and physical examination can help determine the cause and guide the right treatment options.

Final Thoughts

Male infertility is a common issue, but it is treatable in many cases. A combination of lifestyle changes, medical interventions, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IVF and ICSI can help improve fertility outcomes. Seeking early diagnosis and expert advice can make a significant difference in the journey to parenthood.

📞 If you're facing fertility challenges, consult Dr. Girija Wagh, one of Pune’s top infertility specialists, for expert guidance and personalized treatment.